gunû

gunû is an ubiquitous ligature sign modification adding four vertical or horizontal strokes:

𒁯 gunu gunû 𓋴 𓃀 𓇼 𓏤 speckled, spotted 𒍦 𒮦 𒖂 𒕢 in 𛹨 ≈ 𒟘 ≈ 𒟙 𜐾

𒆦 ∼ 𒍦 ∼ 𒀾 ∼ 𒑓 ∼ 𒍩 ∼ gunû ⇔ 𒋗 šu 𒑕 𒑑 𒀼 𒈛 𒉣 ⇔ šešig tenu nutillu 𒈠

𒉣 nuĝ ≈ ĝun in gunu 𒁇𒉣 paragon = diagonal

e.g. 𒅆 => 𒅊

𒎙 ‘gunu’ / 𒊺 ŠE-‘gunu’ => šešig 𒌨 => 𒌪

𒖂 gunu ≈ ‘grain’ in 𛶿𛶼𛶽𛶾 in 𜆜 𜆥 𛽦 𛽗 𛸅 𒊺 𛹄 ≈ 𛷎 in 𜅊𜅋𜅌𜅍𜅎𜅏 •granary 𒖂 gunu ≈ ‘grain’ 𓂋 in 𓇑 𓇓 𓇔 𓇗 𓇖 𓆳 𓆵 <> 𒉆 BIR₅ 𛴀𛴄𛴅𛴖𛴕 in 𜉞 𛹂𛹃 𛹁 … 𒖂 gunu ≈ ‘grain’ 𓂋 groove carve “scratch”

gunu especially in its form of 𒎙 𒊺 𒐑 may be related to 𒉆 SÍN/NAM, phonetically as ablaut marker?

mesh gunu

In Proto-Cuneiform and in Elamite gunu was often realized as a mesh similar to
𒆜 kaskal
𜎤 𜎦 𜎧 in 𜓵 𜎯 𜎰
𜓅 𜐚 𜐕 𜐔 𜐖 𜐙 𜐘 𜒤
𜒥 𜑤 𜑦 𜑨 𜑥 𜑧?
𜓃 𜑆 𜑇 𜑈 𜑅
𜏘 𜐺
𜏠 𜎿 𜎽
𜏢 𜏀 𜎾
𜏡 𜏣 hal
𜏰 𜏁 𜏯 𜏒 𜏱 𜏲
𜓚 𜎶 𜎷

Identified variants of 𜏯 𜏱 𜏁 indicate that dots were (sometimes?) used as old gunu.

Not commonly counted as gunu forms:
𒅋 ≈ 𒌈 ≈ 𒀧
𒀧 IL ≈ 𒀠 AL ⋅ ŠE 𒊺
𒊺 ŠE 𒐑
𒉣 NUN 𒀸𒁹𒁹𒁹𒁹 GUNU in 𒍪 ∼ 𒄑·𒉣 𒀿 𒃷 𒅁 𒆱 𒈲
𒌧 ≈ 𒌦·𒍦
𒂡 𒆟 𒁈
𒊓 𒂍 𒆍 𒁖 𒂊 𒂍 𒂎 𒂏 𒂐 𒂑 𒂒 𒂓
𒋗 šu ⇔ 𒁕 𒀉 𒆏 𒂆 𒆷 𒍠
𒂊 eg₂ ᵈīkum “dyke” 𒂊 ≈ 𒌓 DAG₂ day 𒂊 E < eg₂ ∼ A-gunu 𒆦𒀀 | in old grapheme
𒈛
𒉠
𒆬 ≈ 𒌋𒍝 ≈ 𒌋 heart in early sumerian (without gunu) 𒂞 ŠEŠ4 ≈ 𒋁 ŠEŠ2 Susa
𒃽 GASHAN 𒌋 ù.gunu ⇔ 𒌋 ù ego
𒍠 𒋺 gunu ?
𒋫 ṭa => 𒊭 ša
𒌗 𒌘 𒌙 𒌚
𒅔 IN 𒉌NI 𒥈 𒥆 𒭕 ≠ 𒥇 𒥉 𒥊 inversion !?

gunû ≈ •khumu /khm/ ?

𓆎 ≈ 𜎦 in
𜎦𜑊𜐶 Menik malik “king” Menes NL
𜎦𜑊𜐶 ᵏMenik König “king”

GUNU like ligature in other systems:
𓇳 𔗑 𓐍 𓊖 ?
𔖻 𔑺:𔑾 𔑻:𔑿 𔓴:𔗾 𔔱:𔕄 𔖚:𔖛(oMEGA 𔖙)
𔖲𔖻 𔕺:𔕿 𔖢:𔗖 𔑦:𔑧 𔓷:𔗑 𔕷:𔕹 𔔠:𔔟:𔔞
𔖻 mi => 𔔥 目 ma- Maschen “scale”

GUNU in Egyptian is periferal and mostly only recognizable in the extended Gardiner list (needs font)
𓐍 󴢑 󴢏 kunu Ϧ khrunu crossing?
󴦗 󴦘
𓎡 󴢐
𓎟 󴛊
󴌍 󴌌
󴌍 󴌑 󴌎 žunu ?
󳴨 󳴧
󳲐 󳲌
󳲞 󳲠 󳲜 󳴩 󳴨 ⇔ 󳲢 󳲋 󳲛 󳲚 𓍱 sh •ǧunu 𓈙 𓊌 gneiss
󳼇 󳼂 󳼃 󳼄 󳼅 󳼆 󴄡 󴄣 sh.nu 𓈖 ≈ •ǧunu
󴃃 󴃄 󴃅 󴃆
󴃉 󴃊 󴃋 󴄢 󴃌 󴢒
󴃍 󴃎
󴂦 󴂧
󴈘 󴈚
󴢏 󴞏 󴞐 󴢐 󴢎 󴞍 󴛊 𓌦 𓏏 𓐍 𓏴 𓀜 :
󴜡 󴜠 󴜢 󴜣 󴜤 󴜥 󴜟
󴜔 󴜖 󴜒 󴜓
󴒘
𓄑 󴢪
󴍯 󴍰
𓉥 󴍾
󴇛 󴇜
𓉐 ⇔ 󴇚
𓉐 𓉫 𓉪 𓊅
𓉔 𓉧
𓊡 󴎯 󴎲 󴎺 󴎹 ∼ 𒆤

󳽟 󳽠 in continuum :
𓊪 ≈ 𓎺 𓎻 𓐐 𓊸
𓊪 ≈ 𓎺 󳽛 ≈ 󳽜 󳽝
𓊪 ≈ 󳽟 󳽠 󳽡 ≈ 󳽢 •ǧumun 󳽞
󳽚 󳽛 󳽣

𒑏 𒑐 𒑑 𒑓

Semantic significance ? causative ?

Gunification = add gunu to sign to modify/intensify/derive meaning:

𒅆 IGI Auge eye
𒅊 IGI{GUNU} be bright, shine, see

𒃸 GAN tenu < 𒃷 GAN gunu < 𒃰 GAN

Gunu semantically unimportant(?) in 𒪪 𒪨 𒪩 𒫲 𒫰 ᵍUTUA 𒇻 ʷUDU widder 𒫱 “male goat”

Sign	Root	Base	meaning
𒀕	AB GUNU	𒀊	/unug/ Nagar 𒀔 «The City» eg 𒌷𒀕 Uruk 𒀕𒆠
𒀌	AB × DUN3 GUNU	𒀊 𒂅
𒀐	AB × IGI GUNU	𒀊 𒅆
𒀆	A × LAGAR GUNU	𒀀 𒇬
𒁌	BI × IGI GUNU	𒁉𒁊
𒁸	DIN KASKAL U-GUNU DISH	𒁷𒆜𒆦𒌋𒁹
𒁼	DU GUNU	𒁺	source : root
𒂆	DUN3 GUNU	𒂅	Don (prince)
𒂇	DUN3 GUNU GUNU	𒂆	1.crown 2.shekel?
𒂧	EZEN × DUN3 GUNU	𒂡𒂆
𒂨	EZEN × DUN3 GUNU GUNU	𒂡 𒂇
𒂪	EZEN × HA GUNU	𒂡𒄫
𒂫	EZEN × IGI GUNU	𒂡
𒂶	GA GUNU	𒂵	𒃼 GAR carry 𒈦𒄘𒃼 Tiger? 𒂵𒃲
𒃖	GA2 × IGI GUNU	𒂷𒅆 Gesehen?
𒄉	GIR2 GUNU	𒄈	GirSu𓊖 KIŠI17𓊖 AD5 𒌑𒄉
𒄄	GI GUNU 𒄀 𒄂 𒄃
𒄚	GU2 × KAK × IGI GUNU	𒄘	Gurgel…?
𒄝	GU2 GUNU	𒄘	Gurgel
𒄾	HUL/LIK GUNU	𒌨?	hull:cover
𒄫	HA GUNU	𒄩	KIR 𒄫 cry 2. generate a lot
𒅊	IGI GUNU	𒅆	be bright
𒅊	IGI GUNU = SIG7	𒅆	see,sehen,𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 ⇔ 𒋜
𒆖	KAK × IGI GUNU	𒆕
𒆱	KUL GUNU	𒆰
𒇋	LAGAB × IGI GUNU	𒆸𒅊𒅆
𒇯	LAGAR GUNU	𒇬	𒇰 𒆠𒇯 KI•LAGAN खलिहान khalihan
𒈢	MA GUNU	𒈠	alma, mer, μῆλον mêlon, mazana : apple
𒈯	MUG GUNU	𒈮	MUNSUB ⇔ monk zadim; za-dim2 [128x] stone-cutter; bow-maker
𒈽	MUSH3 GUNU	𒄷		𓅓 Musen big bird
𒉲	NUNUZ AB2 × IGI GUNU	𒉭𒀖𒅊
𒋜	SI GUNU	𒋛	see,sehen,𐍃𐌰𐌹𐍈𐌰𐌽 ⇔ 𒅊 𒋛𒍦
𒎖	SAG × IGI GUNU	𒊕𒊔𒅆	seh?
𒊨	SAG gunû	𒊕𒊔	sag: DUL3 𒊨 tell, KUŠ2 𒊨 quoth SUMUR 𒊨 summon SUR2
𒋯	TA GUNU	𒋫𒋖
𒋆	∼TA gunu	SHIM / šim : smell
𒋍	SHIM × IGI GUNU	Soma(∼beer) 𒋆𒅊 ⇔ 𒋋

𒋽	TE GUNU	𒋼
𒌘	UD × U PLUS U PLUS U GUNU
𒌙	UD GUNU	𒌓	Mond=>Middle moon murub?
𒌧	UN GUNU	𒌦	ane,on,one,me

Hypothesis: Ablaut?
𒌙 mouth
𒌘 month
𒌗 moon

Hypothesis: gunu ∼ con 𓎛 𓈖 𓂝

Hypothesis: something 𒋗 يَد yad > إيد ʾīd ⇔ with & et 𒌋 add 𓂞 da-
𒄉 AD₂GÍR a dagger < 𒄈 GÍR GER 个 gèr

Hypothesis: Softening ?
𒊭 ša < tha < 𒋗 šu + TA 𒋫

Hypothesis: permutation
GUD 𒄞 ⇔ DUG 𒂁 reverse

Hypothesis: causative 𒋗 šu ?
𒅆 IGI Auge eye
𒅊 IGI{GUNU} be bright, shine, see
𒅊 SIG₇ = IGI-gunû : green (eye) 𒅆𒆦
𒁺 RE₆ > 𒁼 root => se’root 𒁼 šuršu (source) !
𒄈 GÍR => 𒄉 “grind” 𒄉 ul₄ ἀλέω aléō աղալ ałal “grind”

Hypothesis: ‘S’ modifier 𒀾 AŠ₂ 𒐺 ᵛáš
𒁺 RE₆ > 𒁼 se’root 𒁼 šuršu (source) !
𒂆 AGA₃ ax > 𒂇 AGAˢ āšĝar axe
𒈠 MA ⇔ 𒈢 ma.ḫinzūru manzar manzana mazá maçã “apple”
𒋛 SI => 𒋜 saʳ sor سرخ sorx “red” => 𓂧 cheir 𒋗 šu in 𓂧 𓈙 𓂋 𓅟 csar чер čer

Hypothesis: add round ‘R’ sound? gunûr grunû ergonû ?
𒂵 GAʳ > 𒂶 gara₂ gunu
𒂆 AGA₃ ax > 𒂇 AGAˢ / AGAʳ āšĝar axe
𒊔 saĝ 𒊕 => 𒊨 šur₂
𒄩 ḪA/KU => KIR 𒄫 cry <= 𒄩 KU/ḪA® Gunu Karpfen Coy 𓅻
𒅆 IGI => 𒅊 AGAR4 green (eye) 𒅆𒆦 (𒅊 IGI-gunû)
𒁺𒆦 => 𒁼 Saat => source
𒈠 MA ⇔ 𒈢 марь maŕ мар mar mer μῆλον mêlon mālum melon mollë alma “apple”
𒈠 MA ⇔ 𒈢 мурӯд murüd мыӏэрысэ məʼɛrəsɛ 𒄑𒈢𒈠𒁕 hašhurmada جَّاص ʔijjāṣ madra mazá
𒋛 SI => 𒋜 saʳ sor سرخ sorx “red” 𓂧 𓈙 𓂋 𓅟 dsar csar чер čer

for R Hypothesis see -er -ier verb suffix

Gunification may introduce an ‘s’ or an ‘r’ in
𒂆 AGA₃ ax
𒂇 AGAˢ axe āšĝar

Hypothesis: Ⲡ ⲡ form
𓃀 𓍢 𓇩 ∼ 𓊪 𓅮 𓄿 ∼ Ⲡ ⲡ bu pi π form (rare!)
𒈠 MA ⇔ 𒈢 pōma ፖም pom pomme ⇔ palm ball
𒅆 IGI 𒅊 πʳIGI bright
𒁺 RE₆/GIN > 𒁼 origin
𒁺 RE₆ 𒁼 boarne πηγή pigí part աղբյուր ałbyur πroot
𒂆 AGA₃ axe 𒂇 Beil

Hypothesis: article al- ⲡ- -on
𒈠 MA ⇔ 𒈢 alma / pōma “apple”
𒈠 MA ⇔ 𒈢 μῆλον mêlon “apple”

Hypothesis: -on -ant -end gerund
𒄈 GÍR => 𒄉 “grind”

Hypothesis: article 𓂧 de das 𒋗 šu
𒋛 SI => 𒋜 saʳ sor سرخ sorx “red” =>
𓂧 𓈙 𓂋 𓅟 das Rot desarᵗ dsar csar чер čer

-ier ≈ ill in
𒄄 gi₄ˡˡ ki₂ˡˡ kill
𒄄 gi₄ᶻ ⇔ 𒄤 GAZ cuts “kill”

Unlikely: ‘t’ modifier
𒂆 ax 𒂇 Axt
𒁺 RE₆ > 𒁼 root => se’root 𒁼 šuršu (source) !
𒁺 ĝire? => 𒁼 Sart seed => source (𒁺𒆦)

𒆦 ≠ 𒀾
𒀾 AŠ₂ AŠ2 ASH₂ ASH2
𒀾 > 𒐺 ᵛáš : wish

𒋫 ṭa 𒊭 ša
𒋫 Ta Taurus 𒊭 שׁוֹר šor Saurus

𒂈 ŠUDUN ≈ 𒋗𒁕 DAᵘᵐ ζυγόν zugón Zügeln

gunu as word

𒁯 gunuₓ (SI@g) ⇔ 𒋜 su₄ 𒋠 sig₂ գյուղ gyuğⁿ 村 cūn #gunu “dwelling”

semitic marker

𒉈 NEᵒ new 𒉋𒀸 nēwas 𒉋 #edēšum “new”

𒣪 ma₂ 𒈣 󴏢 𒣫 MAGUR 󴏿 𓐍 𒣬 MAGUR 󴎥 󴎤 󴏼

gunu especially in its form of 𒎙 𒊺 𒐑 may be related to 𒉆 NAM, phonetically as ablaut marker?
𒄊𒀴 šakan₆ حَاكِم ˢḥākim “governor” => 𒉆𒄊𒀴 NAM šakan₆ ≈ حُكْمِة ˢhukmah “governorship”